51动漫

THE Sea Empress oil spill is the worst British marine disaster since the Torrey Canyon spill in the English Channel in 1967. On Monday the Countryside Council for Wales reported moderate to severe oiling of 190 kilometres of coastline from Ramsey island to Pembrey. 鈥淭he oiling is more or less continuous,鈥� said the council鈥檚 chief scientist Malcolm Smith. 鈥淎nd there is more oil still at sea. The full scale of the damage will take weeks to become clear.鈥�

Some 12 per cent of the entire Welsh coastline is now severely oiled. By comparison, the Braer oil spill off Shetland three years ago oiled about 10 kilometres of coastline. And this is prime coastal habitat. So far, slicks have hit Britain鈥檚 first two marine nature reserves (Skomer and Lundy islands), more than a dozen sites of special scientific interest including major bird colonies, the country鈥檚 only coastal national park, and several current and proposed European Union Special Areas for Conservation. This is just the beginning.

By Monday more than a thousand oiled birds had been counted and some 300 dead birds had washed ashore. There are hundreds of oil-covered common scoters in Carmarthen Bay, which hosts an internationally important colony at this time of year, with a third of the British population.

Meanwhile, the region鈥檚 sea birds have begun to return after a winter at sea. Thousands of guillemots have returned to Skomer to find thick oil smeared on the southern and eastern shores, including North Haven, where thousands of birds gather on the water. Guillemots are 鈥渆specially vulnerable to oil pollution because they dive in response to danger, rather than flying away鈥�, says Margaret Brooks of the Dyfed Wildlife Trust.

An oil sheen has reached Grassholm island, where 65 000 gannets 鈥� the world鈥檚 second largest colony 鈥� are returning to breed. Others at risk include oystercatchers, red-throated divers, Manx shearwaters, great-crested grebes, cormorants and shags.

The wildlife of the South Wales coastline is among the best documented anywhere in the world. The bays near Milford Haven have for decades been described in great detail by scientists and students visiting the Dale Fort Field Centre.

鈥淔or the first time we will be able to do really good comparative work in the aftermath of this disaster,鈥� says Mike Everett of the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. The Welsh Office has given 拢250 000 to begin monitoring the impact of the oil. Besides observing birds, it will look for damage to the area鈥檚 rare sponges, algae, starfish and corals, especially around Skomer.

Rock pools will be one target. The Dyfed Wildlife Trust claims that all 3000 green rockpool starfish in West Angle Bay, one of only seven populations in British waters, have been killed. But some stones will be left unturned, says Julian Cremona of Dale Fort. 鈥淥ften there is clean water under boulders along the shoreline, with crabs skittering about. But if you lift the stones you can let the oil in.鈥�

Pollution countdown

15 February

2007: Sea Empress, carrying 130 000 tonnes of light crude oil to a Texaco terminal in Milford Haven, runs aground just outside the haven. 6000 tonnes of oil lost.

2200: Refloated by tugs but listing.

16 February

Weather good. Ship afloat, crewed and held by four tugs.

1530: Coastguard reports: 鈥淪alvage teams planning how best to transfer remaining oil to other vessels鈥�.

17 February

0145: Coastguard promises 鈥渁ttempt to lighten vessel鈥� in 鈥渆arly afternoon鈥�.

0930: Tanker鈥檚 pump room flooded. Has to be dried out before pumping 鈥渢oday or sometime tomorrow鈥�. Weather still good, but gales forecast. Pilots call for ship to be taken out to sea for oil transfer, where tides are less strong and pollution hazard less. Overruled.

1600: Salvors turn ship鈥檚 bow into storm.

1830: Tugs lose lines, anchor chains snap. Ship grounds again.

2230: Salvors flood bow to stabilise ship on bottom at low tide and plan to refloat it on the morning tide.

18 February

0230: Ship evacuated as storm worsens. Dawn refloat called off. Extra tugs ordered.

1630: Chinese tug De Yue gets line to tanker. Gales are forecast, and salvors evacuate.

19 February

0100: De Yue replaced by smaller tug after problems in gale. Vessel 鈥渉eld in position鈥� overnight, but continues to leak oil.

1200: Salvors 鈥渆stablishing ground moorings to fix vessel firmly to seabed鈥�. Now say preparatory work for pumping 鈥渆xpected to take at least two and half days鈥�.

1900: Strong tide means tugs cannot control tanker, which moves 400 metres and grounds again on rock pinnacle.

2300: Salvors evacuate, fearing breakup.

20 February

鈥淟arge amount鈥� of oil lost overnight, but 鈥渘o damage鈥� to ship, says Coastguard. Political row grows over handling of salvage.

1900: Air pumped into ship to increase buoyancy, to refloat ship and move it to new position outside haven.

21 February

0200: Morning refloat cancelled. Minister says 鈥渋nsufficient buoyancy, not power鈥� is the problem.

1900: Finally refloated on high tide and taken to jetty in haven within two hours. Leaks continue. Pumping to begin 鈥渢omorrow鈥�, Coastguard says.

22 February

1100: Pumping 鈥渓ikely to start tomorrow鈥�.

23 February

Pumping 鈥渢omorrow鈥�.

24 February

Pumping starts.